3D Printing
3D Printing Skulls!
Using 3D printers to teach Biology and Science. 5/6/2013
As 3d printing becomes mainstream and armed with an idea of being able to print scientific models using plastic I started researching at the start of the year how to build a personal 3d printer that I could easily use to make models for my teaching. My initial plan was to print sets of hominin skulls as they were expensive to purchase and I wanted to have class sets of a smaller scale but my ideas rapidly grew as I started my journey into 3d printing. This article will go through the basics of what 3D printing is and how I am using it to help my teaching of both science and Biology.
3D printing in its most basic sense is printing a 3d object at very thin (0.1mm) layers at a time called slices. An object is built up slowly as layers are printed on top of each other. The X and Y axis which is the flat axis is printed on by an extruder that melts a fine bead of plastic in the shape of that slice. A stepper motor usually connected to belts move the extruder sideways and back and forth. At the completion of the layer a small stepper motor lifts the extruder up a height of .1mm and the next layer is printed. After a couple of hours you would have a half size skull printed that is instantly usable. Most slicer software hollows out the model and fills it in with a structure such as honeycomb that makes the models strong and super light.
The most common plastics used are PLA and ABS. PLA or polylactide is biodegradable and melts with a sugary smell and ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) which is a form of styrene melts with a burning plastic smell. The plastic enters the machine in the form of a solid tube called filament and another motor with a gear attached pushes it towards the heated part that melts it. I choose to use PLA as it is both safer and easier to use and does not warp as easily. There are lots of scientific 3d models already made and a quick search on a website such as thingiverse.com shows many that are ready just to print without modification. The format you are looking for is .stl and most of the 3d printers (especially open source) use this format. Before you can print a 3d model you need to use a software program to slice the .stl file into layers and save it into your printers gcode language which is the instructions for it to move and extrude plastic in a particular way. What powers the printer is an Arduino board which is a low powered computer that drives the motors and what is called the hot end (the part that melts the plastic.
Now 3d printing can be as easy as buying a printer online. These ready-made printers can range in value from two to ten thousand dollars and often rely on the purchasing of plastic in cartridges much like a paper printer. By going this way you are limited in what you print with and it is expensive. The pluses being that you do not need to understand how to build a printer or really how it works. As 3d printing technology gets simpler these turnkey options will be more accessible to schools. At the opposite end of these are open source printers that the online community have been developing for a number of years and come under the name of REPRAP. This is the method I chose to use because of the low cost and as a science teacher I wanted to be able to explain to my students how they worked. RepRap is the first general-purpose self-replicating manufacturing machine in that some of the actual machine is 3d printed itself. Reprap 3d printers come in two main styles. The Prusa box style with a rectangular print bed and what is called the rostock style which has 3 arms that prints on a triangle shaped bed. I chose the prusa style as it gave me the most flexibility in model shapes.
Things to know before using a 3d printer in your classroom
1. It is still a learning curve. Software, modelling, hardware problem solving, temperature variables, medium being printed make it a hobby more than a print and forget.
2. It takes a long time. Overnight is usually the plan for a small model, if there is an issue during a print (which is common) you will come to the class in the morning with a big mess of printed plastic.
3. Print heads clog often. This is getting better but the filaments absorb water readily and over time become harder to print with. This can become a real frustration for students and teachers.
4. Microparticles. Student with allergies and asthma can be irritated by the microplastics that find their way into the air. In the end I had to place the printer into a seperate space to isolate the fumes from the printer.
Printer parts before building
I will not go into the actual steps of building the printer, however the Reprap Wiki is a great place to start and many designs are now able to be purchased in kitset form with excellent instructions. I would recommend any of the sub 500 dollar clones as good first printers with the plastic filament being around 40nzd a roll. That would do a couple off full fossil sets. There are also now some fantastic scientific models on thingiverse.
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As a biology teacher human evolution required students to identify trends in bones of our early ancestors. These trends involve skulls and bones that often are hard to find in model form. The African Fossils virtual laboratory website is a digital archeology project that seeks to increase public knowledge about prehistory by harnessing Autodesk 3D scanning technology. Dr. Louise Leakey has taken it upon herself to find a way to make them globally accessible for educators and this is where I find the bulk of my models. If you visit http://www.africanfossils.org/ you can download the printable 3d models under each skull page.
Some examples of the skulls available from http://www.africanfossils.org/ are as follows Paranthropus boisei KNMER 406, KNMER 61703, Homo erectus KNMER 3733, Homo erectus KNMWT 15000 mandible, Homo rudolfensis KNMER 1470, Paranthropus boisei OH 5, Homo rudolfensis KNMER 1470, Homo habilis KNMER 1813, Kolpochoerus hesloni KNMER 61703
Human and fossils such as the Taung child skull are available on http://www.thingiverse.com